Music Therapy :: essays research papers

rynjulf Stige is the first Coordinator of the music therapy education program at Sogn og Fjordane University in Sandane, Norway, where he is an associate professor. With diverse experiences as a music therapist using a community based approach, Stige has written numerous articles and books on music therapy and music education. He is editor-in-chief of the Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, and co-editor (with Carolyn Kenny) of Voices: A World Forum for Music Therapy. He is one of the most insightful thinkers working within the music therapy profession. He believes that humans cannot escape culture. Through culture, we are provided the tools we need to deal with challenges of everyday life. Stige believes that culture has not been focused on enough and in his book, Culture-Centered Music Therapy, he brought the culture to the music therapy world. His book is divided into four main parts excluding the introduction, preface, etc. Part One of the book, outlines premises for the argument, examining basic concepts such as culture, humankind, meaning, "musicking," and the nature-nurture debate. Part Two highlights how culture-centered music therapy may be practiced. The scope varies from community music therapy (aimed in part on cultural change in the community), to ecological music therapy (focusing on communication at micro- and mesosystem levels), to individual music psychotherapy (considering the individual in cultural context). In Part Three, implications for describing and understanding music therapy are discussed, including a chapter on how to define music therapy as a practice, discipline, and profession. A culture-inclusive model of the music therapy process is also proposed. Part Four suggests approaches to music therapy research within a culture-centered context. A call for increased reflexivity, the ability to reflect upon one's social and cultural position, is at the heart of the discussion, along with a continuing theme of this book: the relations and tensions between local and more general perspectives on music therapy. Focusing more on Part I, the first three chapters that make up that section educate the reader on key premises that arise throughout the rest of the text.. The first chapter explores an integration of themes from biology, history and culture. It opens with a concise and scholarly history of the concept of culture, discussing etymological roots and noting different uses and misuses throughout history. Reference is made to the disciplines of anthropology and ethnography, the latter playing a significant part throughout the text.

Initial Public Offerings Paper Essay

When an organization goes global many outside factors can help the organization as well as work against it. There are many risks that are involved when dealing with foreign exchanges and an organization must understand how to deal with those risks and issues that may arise. Making public offerings presents risks as well and this is where those closest to the organization help protect and maintain the organizations image. The following paper will cover and address the issues and risks involved with an organization becoming a global firm as well as ways to mitigate any issues that may present themselves during the duration of the company’s transition. Role of Investment Banker and Underwriter One of the primary ways to raise capital for a company is the sale of stocks and bonds. Special expertise is required when executing these transactions, which is done in a way that will exploit income to directing regulatory necessities when assessing implements. At this point is when an investment bank typically comes into play. Large enterprises and the investors are the investments banks bridges. Their primary goals are to instruct organizations and governments on how to see their business challenges are and how to support them. The role of underwriters typically obtains underwriting fees from their issuing clients. Underwriters also gain revenues by marketing underwritten dividends to venture capitalists. Underwriters may take responsibility for issuing a safety issue to the community. Role of Originating House and Syndicate When a company is preparing for an initial public offering, it must go through an originating house or a syndicate. The originating house is an investment or brokerage firm that manages the underwriting and sale of a new  issue of stock to the general public. When the negotiation of an underwriting involves more than one firm, a syndicate is formed to handle the process. A syndicate is created when several brokerage firms come together to complete the underwriting process and manage the sale of the new securities. Both the originating house and a syndicate will first buy the new securities and then resell them to the public. These two entities play a crucial role in an initial public offering. Explanation of Pricing Issue Issuing securities is a positive way to gain capital for an organization. The first issuance of a security is priced carefully to maximize the amount of capital an organization will receive as well as entice investors to purchase the securities. New securities issued are typically sold through a brokerage firm connecting the organization with investors. If the issue is priced too high, the firm cannot sell the issues tying up their capital. If the issues are priced too low investors will purchase them very quickly causing the price to jump; this is good for the investors but bad for the original organization (Mayo, 2012). Risks Involved in an Initial Public Offering There are risks associated with any expansion a company may go through. An initial public offering can be a risk because there is no guarantee of what this stock will do on the first day. The stock may sell quickly, or the stock may not sell at all. Many people are not comfortable with initial public offerings because there is no historical data on the company, and this makes their decision on purchasing the stock difficult. Those investing in the company want to be sure they will receive a return on their investment and without proper documentation to back this up they may not be willing to make those initial purchases. The private investors in the firm will also lose some control of the organization because now outsiders gain voting control over the firm. The risk of this decision is the other company may resist the takeover. This means there is a risk of a costly takeover battle. . Foreign Exchange Risks When an organization decides that it wants to reach out into the global market, there are some risks that should be analyzed before moving on. An organization is at risk when it comes to foreign exchange due to the  different currency that is involved with each country that the company expands to. â€Å"Foreign exchange risk occurs when the value of the investment fluctuates due to changes in a currency’s exchange rate.† (Sargeant, 2015). When the currency in the domestic market appreciates against the currency in a foreign market, the profits earned in that foreign market or country will be lower because it has been changed back to the currency in the domestic market where the organization is based. In this type of situation, the organization will face times in which revenues will go up as well as come down. Even though the revenues from expanding into a global market may fluctuate, there are still advantages that an organization can use to the companies advantage. Conclusion An initial public offering can be a difficult and complicated process for a company. There are many roles and players involved in the process such as the investment banker, underwriter, originating house, and syndicate. Also, there may be many risks involved for both the company and the players. It may take time to make money off the stock, and there could be an initial debt for both the company and those involved. Currency exchange rates can affect the stock causing a fluctuation in price. The process of an initial public offering can be a difficult and complicated process, but the benefits are significant and may outweigh the costs and risks of the process. References Mayo, H.B. (2012). Basic finance. An introduction to financial institutions, investments, and management (10th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Sargeant, Nicola (2015) â€Å"What Risks Do Organizations Face When Engaging In International Finance Activities? http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/06/internationalfinancerisks.asp

The Gothic Genre Of Gothic Novels - 1434 Words

Gothic genre in the late 18th century was founded by Horace Walpole’s. He published The Castle of Otranto, in 1764, and has been commonly recognized as the first Gothic novel. In this case, the term Gothic referred to the novel’s medieval setting in a castle in Italy, and many of the Gothic novels that followed would similarly be set in castles from the distant past, often in European countries still dominated (from an English point of view) by the Catholic Church (www.saylor.org). As the genre advanced, Gothic expanded to include all kinds of writings that contained mysteries, from time to time supernatural events; extreme emotions, especially elements of terror; complex plots with heroines imprisoned in ancient castles or abbeys with†¦show more content†¦So much indeed was he fascinated by the voice, that a most painful curiosity was excited as to her countenance, which he fancied must express all the sensibility of character that the modulation of her tones indicated † (Radcliffe 7). At the start of the book, Ann Radcliffe shows us that attractiveness and charm completes an important role throughout the novel. However, it will not be an exposed awareness, Radcliffe insinuates the component of trickery joined with the characters part of their social order. Vivaldi is infatuated by a beautiful girl’s sweetness of her voice and the grace of her person, the girl, being Ellena. In his eyes she is flawless and innocent, he can’t stop himself from falling in love with her. At this point, sex and beauty transpire into being the masterminds of deception and destruction. Vivaldi gets close to Ellena by following her and her elderly companion in the hope of catching a glimpse of her features. However, Ellena steps back further hiding behind her veil. Therefore, creating a space of conspiracy which causes Ellena to be more desirable to Vivaldi. The veil is the first item that is pronounced in the novel, with someone not knowing what gothic tropes are, this clea rly points out the tone of the book. Vivaldi’s interest in Ellena signifies the pursuing of mysteries, of what beauty hides behind the veil. Therefore, the veil is submersed with sexual desire. The statement previously mentioned isShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Develoment of the Horror Genre1076 Words   |  5 Pages The term Gothic is significant for the understanding of the origins and development of the horror genre. Both of these genres differ, whilst Gothic literature is the text that explores the frightening extremes in mankind, horror focuses more on the unknown. The Gothic horror genre has changed over time and retains importance because it is the antecedent of the horror genre. Factors such as the definition of the word Gothic, the archetypes of the genre, and its social and historical contexts, haveRead MoreThe Gothic Elements Of Frankenstein922 Words   |  4 PagesBlake Sisson Mrs. Schroder Honors English IV December 8 2016 The Gothic Elements of Frankenstein Gothic novels are stories written in the gothic genre which is a literature genre of fiction characterized by an atmosphere of mystery and horror. 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